Where Did the Santiago Families in Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the U.s. located in the Caribbean Sea. Information technology is a pocket-size island with a population of almost four million citizens. On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish American War, United States invaded Puerto Rico and commenced a long human relationship between the two. With this list, I'll try to underline eight atrocities committed past the Us in Puerto Rico.

La Operacion is a documentary that highlights the female sterilization policy. This policy was implanted by the United states as part of FDR's "Operation Bootstrap" in a motility toward industrialization. By 1974 35% of the Puerto Rican women were sterile and this number reached 39% by 1981. The problem with this sterilization policy is that most of the Puerto Rican women were misinformed virtually the sterilization procedure and near of the women didn't know what the consequences would exist.

Vieques is an island municipality of Puerto Rico located in the northeastern Caribbean, it is also known equally "La isla nena." Vieques has a total expanse of 134.4sq miles and is inhabited past more than 9,000 viequenses. From 1941 to May 1, 2003 the United states of america Navy used Vieques for naval training and testing. From 1941 to 1942 the U.Southward. Navy expropriated 22,000 of Vieques 33,000 acres, past 1963 the Navy endemic 22,600 acres of Vieques, almost 70% of the island.

In 1948 they commenced bombing do which connected for 55 years. Over the course of their stay, more than than 22 million pounds of military and industrial waste was deposited on the island. The island was bombarded an average 180 days per year and in 1998 the Navy dropped 23,000 bombs on the isle. Professor Jose Seguinot Barbosa, Director of the Geography Department in the University of Puerto Rico at Rio Piedras, states in his study "Vieques, the Ecology of an island under siege" that the eastern tip of the island constitutes an area with more than craters per kilometer than the moon.

As a result of all this, the cancer rate in Vieques is 27% higher than in the mainland. Most of the elements and toxic compounds dumped in the isle were arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, depleted uranium and napalm. Studies show that the ground water in Vieques is contaminated by nitrates and explosives. Testing done in the Lcacos Bay showed concentrations of cadmium in crabs 1,000 times greater than the World Health Organizations tolerable ingestion maximum dosage. Heavy metals take been institute in other species of fish.

Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos was a prominent leader in the independence move of Puerto Rico. Albizu was imprisoned numerous times for seditious conspiracy against the Us. While in prison, Albizu said he was a discipline of human experimentation without consent or warning. The U.S. Regime's response was that Albizu was insane. The president of the Cuban Cancer Association, Dr. Orlando Damuy, traveled to Puerto Rico to examine Albizu. Dr.Damuy reported burns on Albizu's body acquired past intense radiation. Information technology is said that they placed a metal clip and film on Albizu's skin and the clip radiated into the film.

Albizu died in 1965 and more than 75,000 Puerto Ricans carried his remains to the One-time San Juan Cemetery. In 1994, under the administration of ex-president Bill Clinton, the United States Department of Energy disclosed that human being radiations experiments had been conducted without consent on prisoners in Puerto Rico during the 1950s and 1970s.

Dr. Cornelius Rhoads was an American doctor and pathologist that became infamous for performing several objectionable experiments with human beings. In 1931, sponsored past the Rockefeller Institute, Rhoads deliberately infected several Puerto Rican citizens with cancer cells. Supposedly, thirteen of the patients died. Dr. Rhoads once said in a written document: "The Porto Ricans [sic] are the dirtiest, laziest, almost degenerate and thievish race of men ever to inhabit this sphere… I have done my best to further the procedure of extermination by killing off 8 and transplanting cancer into several more than… All physicians take delight in the abuse and torture of the unfortunate subjects." An investigation done in 2003 by bioethicist Dr. Jay Katz found that the accusations were well founded and documented.

The Ponce Massacre, which took identify on March 21, 1937, was one of the most tearing episodes in the history of the twentieth century in Puerto Rico. The activity was announced in El Mundo newspaper on March xix, indicating that the meeting of the Nationalists in Ponce and adjacent areas would be at 2pm in front of the Nationalist Party Headquarters in Ponce. That morning, Colonel Orbeta, the chief of police, traveled to Ponce with the intention of prohibiting the Nationalist action. A week before, the Nationalists had requested authorization for the march from Mayor José Tormos Diego, who was abroad from Puerto Rico on holiday and had left Dr. William Gelpí as interim mayor. Gelpí authorized Casimiro Berenguer, the military instructor of the "Cadetes de la Republica" to disseminate information to the issue that permission had to be granted by Mayor Tormos Diego. The Nationalists had filed the request despite the fact that the laws of Puerto Rico immune parades or public acts to exist held without the need to ask permission.

The police nether the command of Guillermo Soldevila, the head of the force in Juana Díaz, and Felipe Blanco cordoned off the demonstrators, using skilful marksmen mobilized from all the police stations in Puerto Rico. The constabulary covered the corner where the Nationalist Council was located on Marina Street, between Aurora and Jobos Streets. Meanwhile, the Cadets of the Republic and the Nurses Corps organized in three columns. The cadets wore a uniform of white trousers, blackness shirts, black caps, and on the left sleeve, a Calatravian cross. Leading the cavalcade was buck captain Tomás López de Victoria. The young women formed upwardly as the nurses corps, wearing white uniforms and marching behind the young men. Bringing up the rear was the band, made upwards of five or six musicians. Nearby, on Aurora and Marina Streets, most in front of where the Council was located, the families of the cadets came together with other Nationalists who had come to see the parade. The band played "La Borinqueña," and the captain of the Cadet Corps, Tomás López de Victoria, immediately gave the guild to pace off. At the precise moment when they were about to practice so, Soldevila raised a whip, put it to the chest of López de Victoria, and told him that they could not march. Police officer Armando Martínez ran from the corner in front of the Nationalist Council toward Marina Street, firing once into the air, which unleashed volleys of shots from arms of different calibers. Eight people died instantly and others died later, for a full of xix. Police officers Ceferino Loyola and Eusebio Sánchez died victims of the crossfire of their fellows. Georgina Maldonado, a xiii year quondam-girl, an employee of a nearby gas station, José Antonio Delgado, a fellow member of the National Guard who was passing by, and fourteen Nationalists also died.

A number of citizens of Ponce requested that the American Civil Liberties Union investigate what happened on March 21. An Investigating Commission on the causes of the Ponce Massacre was established, presided over by Atty. Arthur Garfield Hays, a United states of america citizen delegated by the ACLU, with Emilio S. Belaval, the president of the Puerto Rico Atheneum, Mariano Acosta Velarde, the president of the Puerto Rico Bar Clan, Francisco M. Zeno, the editor of La Correspondencia newspaper, Antonio Ayuso Valdivieso, the director of El Imparcial paper, and Manuel Díaz García, a old president of the Medical Association. The commission carried out an exhaustive investigation of the facts and in its report placed the blame on Governor Winship. It referred to the happenings every bit the Ponce Massacre. [source]

In the early 1950s the Puerto Rican women were used for experimentation in the making of the start nativity command pill. The Pill was invented by Dr. Gregory Goodwin Pincus simply strict laws in the U.Due south. didn't allow full scale experimentation. In 1955 Dr. Pincus and his colleague, Harvard obstetrician and gynecologist Dr. John Rock visited Puerto Rico and and so decided information technology was a perfect place to test out their pill due to the lack of anti-birth control laws.

The trials began in Rio Piedras but quickly moved throughout the poor sectors in the island. The experiments was based on poor and working grade women; these women were non told the pill was experimental and were not told the negative effects the pill could have on them. Three immature women died during these experiments and no investigations were conducted to decide cause of decease.

The effect of the colonization is very axiomatic on the Puerto Rican people. "La ley de mordaza" was implanted by Governor Jesus T. Piñero on May 21, 1948 which did not let whatsoever Puerto Rican to testify whatsoever patriotism or fifty-fifty brandish the Puerto Rican Flag. Puerto Ricans were given citizenship in 1917 with the Jones Deed, Puerto Ricans were considered alien in United States but once the Jones Human action took event more than 20,000 Puerto Ricans were drafted by the army. With the U.s. came huge changes in the educational system making American values and principles the main teachings in schools and even forcing teachers to teach English. It wasn't until 1998 that Puerto Ricans inverse back to Spanish as their chief linguistic communication in schools.

The United States implanted an economy that depended on them; this destroyed the agriculture in Puerto Rico. In less than 20 years, 90 cents of each dollar that a Puerto Rican spent went to the Us. This fabricated Puerto Rico one of the poorest countries in America. The Puerto Ricans still do not have a defined status; Puerto Rico has one of the worst economies in America and an unemployment rate of more than 16%. Puerto Ricans don't have the aforementioned rights for their social security or even veterans' benefits, even though they see the same requirements than the people that live in the states.

Puerto Rico has been a US territory for more than 100 years and has been defined as a republic since 1952. Puerto Ricans cannot vote for the Us President or Congress but they take to obey federal laws. A Resident Commissioner represents Puerto Ricans in Congress only he cannot vote on legislation. This affects Puerto Ricans every day. An example of this is the Cabotage laws implanted in 1920 by the Jones Act. This law says that Puerto Ricans must utilise the U.South. Merchant Marine for the oceanic transportation of any goods bought by Puerto Rico. This is a problem because Puerto Rico, being an island, does not produce everything it consumes and is obliged in the use of the U.South. Merchant Marine. The U.S. Merchant Marine is ane of the virtually expensive merchant marines in the earth. It is estimated that if Puerto Ricans were not forced to utilize the U.S. Merchant Marine prices in all imported products would drop 40% and it would save Puerto Ricans $150 one thousand thousand in production export, this would lower the prices of the exported products and make Puerto Rico a more than competitive country in the globe market.

You could think that Puerto Rico has the Cabotage laws applied because information technology hasn't defined their political status but this in not true because other US territories like the US Virgin Islands don't have to comply with these laws. Another fact is that the Puerto Rican trade produces 25% of The U.South. Merchant Marine'due south income.

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Source: https://listverse.com/2012/10/26/8-atrocities-committed-again-puerto-rico-by-the-us/

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